Course Objective

•  Digital Transmission Systems
•  Digital Power Spectra and Bandwidths
• Digital Modulation
• Line of Sight Transmission
• Effects of Climate
•  Effect of Fading on Digital Radio

Who Can Benefit?

•  Those who have some background in communications engineering
• Communications workers, Engineers and supervisors Communications

Course content

• Introduction
•  Microwave versus copper cable, fiber optics, and leased services
• Microwave frequency bands and regulations
• Channel zing the radio spectrum: Frequency, time, and code division multiple access (FDMA, TDMA, CDMA)
• History of analog microwave radio: FDM techniques and hierarchies; L Carrier and ITU frequency plans
• Digital Transmission Systems
•  Sampling theory
• Time Division Multiple (TDM) techniques and hierarchies
•  North American and ITU digital hierarchies
• Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH)
•  Synchronous networks (SDH/SONET)
•  Digital Power Spectra and Bandwidths
•  Bandwidth definitions and requirements
• Nyquist and other shaping
• Regulatory masks
•  Baseband data signals
•  Filtering and roll off factors
• Digital Modulation
• Amplitude, frequency, and phase shift keying (ASK, FSK, PSK)
•  Binary versus M-ary modulation
• QPSK, Offset QPSK, and p/4 QPSK
•  Minimum Shift Keying (MSK)
•  QAM and Trellis Coded Modulation (TCM)
•  Orthogonal FDM (OFDM)
• Line of Sight Transmission
•  Free space loss
•  Effect of terrain
•  Reflection and diffraction
• Fresnel zones and path profiles
•  Clearance requirements
• Effects of Climate
• Refraction and variations in radio refractivity (N factor)
• Snell's law and the effective earth radius (K factor)
•  Rain attenuation; specific rain rate and effective path length; ITU rain attenuation model
• Other atmospheric attenuation
•  Prediction of outage using computer models
•  Fading
• Multipath fading
• Reflection and diffraction causes
• Rayleigh, Rician, and log-normal statistics of fading
• Multipath propagation models
• Barnett-Vigants observations
•  ITU models
•  Diurnal and seasonal variations
•  Effect of Fading on Digital Radio
• Flat versus frequency selective fading
• Minimum versus non-minimum phase fading
•  M and W curves
•  Flat, dispersive, and composite fade margins
•  Calculation of estimated outage using computer models
•  Equalization
• Linear versus non-linear equalization
• Transversal filter
•  Zero-forcing equalization versus minimum mean-square error
•  Decision feedback equalization and training equalizer

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